Dysfunction of dynamic visual acuity in school children with learning difficulties
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-0223-2020-2-1-28-33Keywords:
learning difficulties, dynamic visual acuity, vestibular system, vestibular dysfunctions, readingAbstract
The article discusses the results of the dynamic visual acuity test in children aged 5–15 with learning difficulties. Dynamic acuity is a parameter that reflects the correlation between the vestibular and oculomotor systems. One of the functions of the vestibular system is automatic eye-ball stabilization during head movements. This mechanism allows to keep the picture stable on the eye’s retina, which makes visual perception possible. To test visual acuity of test subjects we used the standard table by Sivtsev or LEA symbols table under two conditions. The first condition (static visual acuity): the test subject was sitting still with no head movement and naming the letters or symbols that the tester showed. The second condition (dynamic visual acuity): the test subject was making quick head movements from side to side with the frequency of 2 Hz and naming the symbols the tester showed. Under normal conditions, due to vestibular ocular reflex which occurs in response to quick head movements, dynamic visual acuity and static visual acuity do not show much difference. The difference is no more than one line on the visual acuity chart. The research involved 174 children with learning difficulties. It was found that 37% of the study participants had impaired dynamic visual acuity. Impairment of dynamic visual acuity is connected with hyporeactivity of semicircular canals of the vestibular system which results in low efficiency of the vestibular ocular reflex. This dysfunction may explain the difficulties in the automation of reading in children — reading requires additional energy resources a child has to allocate to stabilize eye balls and recognize figures. This simple test is easy to administer in any educational facility. It allows to detect at-risk children who must do special exercises to develop dynamic visual acuity.
References
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
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Braswell, J., Rine, R. M. (2006) Evidence that vestibular hypofunction affects reading acuity in children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 1957–1965. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.07.013
Guinand, N., Pijnenburg, M., Janssen, Kingma, H. (2012) Visual acuity while walking and oscillopsia severity in healthy subjects and patients with unilateral and bilateral vestibular function loss. Archives of Otolaryngology — Head & Neck Surgery, vol. 138, no. 3, pp. 301–306. DOI: 10.1001/archoto.2012.4
Hall, C. D., Schubert, M. C., Herdman, S. J. (2004) Prediction of fall risk reduction as measured by dynamic gait index in individuals with unilateral vestibular hypofunction. Otology & Neurotology, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 746–751. DOI: 10.1097/00129492-200409000-00017
Kasai, T., Zee, D. S. (1978) Eye-head coordination in labyrinthine-defective human beings. Brain Research, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 123–141. DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90439-0
Lotfi, Y., Rezazadeh, N., Moossavi, A. et al. (2017) Rotational and collic vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing in normal developing children and children with combined attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ear and Hearing, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 352–358. DOI: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000451
Martin, W., Jelsma, J., Rogers, C. (2012) Motor proficiency and dynamic visual acuity in children with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, vol. 76, no. 10, pp. 1520–1525. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.007
Rine, R. M., Braswell, J. (2003) A clinical test of dynamic visual acuity for children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 1195–1201. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2003.07.004
Rine, R. M., Wiener-Vacher, S. (2013) Evaluation and treatment of vestibular dysfunction in children. NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 507–518. DOI: 10.3233/nre-130873
Tian, J., Shubayev, I., Demer, J. L. (2001) Dynamic visual acuity during transient and sinusoidal yaw rotation in normal and unilaterally vestibulopathic humans. Experimental Brain Research, vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 12–25. DOI: 10.1007/s002210000640
Verbecque, E., De Belder, N., Marijnissen, T. et al. (2018) Feasibility of the clinical dynamic visual acuity test in typically developing preschoolers. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, vol. 275, no. 5, pp. 1343–1348. DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-4919-2
Whitney, S. L., Marchetti, G. F., Pritcher, M., Joseph, F. M. (2009) Gaze stabilization and gait performance in vestibular dysfunction. Gait & Posture, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 194–198. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.08.002
Wiener-Vacher, S.R., Hamilton, D. A., Wiener, S. I. (2013) Vestibular activity and cognitive development in children: Perspectives. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, vol. 7, article 92. DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00092
REFERENCES
Bigelow, R. T., Agrawal, Y. (2015) Vestibular involvement in cognition: Visuospatial ability, attention, executive function, and memory. Journal of Vestibular Research, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 73–89. DOI: 10.3233/ves-150544 (In English) Braswell, J., Rine, R. M. (2006) Evidence that vestibular hypofunction affects reading acuity in children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 1957–1965. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.07.013 (In English) Efimova, V. L., Nikolaeva, E. I. (2020) Rol’ vestibulyarnoj sistemy v formirovanii spetsificheskikh rechevykh rasstrojstv u detej [The role of the vestibular system in the development of specific language disorders in children]. Fiziologiya cheloveka — Human Physiology, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 83–89. (In Russian) Efimova, V. L., Reznik, E. N., Nikolaev, I. V. (2019) Vestibulyarnye disfunktsii u detej s simptomami SDVG [Vestibular dysfunctions in children with a symptom of attention and hyperactivity deficiency]. Vestnik psikhofiziologii — Psychophysiology News, no. 3, pp. 38–43. (In Russian) Guinand, N., Pijnenburg, M., Janssen, Kingma, H. (2012) Visual acuity while walking and oscillopsia severity in healthy subjects and patients with unilateral and bilateral vestibular function loss. Archives of Otolaryngology — Head & Neck Surgery, vol. 138, no. 3, pp. 301–306. DOI: 10.1001/archoto.2012.4
(In English)
Hall, C. D., Schubert, M. C., Herdman, S. J. (2004) Prediction of fall risk reduction as measured by dynamic gait index in individuals with unilateral vestibular hypofunction. Otology & Neurotology, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 746–751. DOI: 10.1097/00129492-200409000-00017 (In English)
Kasai, T., Zee, D. S. (1978) Eye-head coordination in labyrinthine-defective human beings. Brain Research, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 123–141. DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(78)90439-0 (In English)
Lotfi, Y., Rezazadeh, N., Moossavi, A. et al. (2017) Rotational and collic vestibular-evoked myogenic potential testing in normal developing children and children with combined attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ear and Hearing, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 352–358. DOI: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000451 (In English)
Martin, W., Jelsma, J., Rogers, C. (2012) Motor proficiency and dynamic visual acuity in children with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, vol. 76, no. 10, pp. 1520–1525. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.07.007 (In English)
Rine, R. M., Braswell, J. (2003) A clinical test of dynamic visual acuity for children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 1195–1201. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2003.07.004 (In English)
Rine, R. M., Wiener-Vacher, S. (2013) Evaluation and treatment of vestibular dysfunction in children. NeuroRehabilitation, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 507–518. DOI: 10.3233/nre-130873 (In English)
Tian, J., Shubayev, I., Demer, J. L. (2001) Dynamic visual acuity during transient and sinusoidal yaw rotation in normal and unilaterally vestibulopathic humans. Experimental Brain Research, vol. 137, no. 1, pp. 12–25. DOI: 10.1007/s002210000640 (In English)
Verbecque, E., De Belder, N., Marijnissen, T. et al. (2018) Feasibility of the clinical dynamic visual acuity test in typically developing preschoolers. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, vol. 275, no. 5, pp. 1343–1348. DOI: 10.1007/s00405-018-4919-2 (In English)
Whitney, S. L., Marchetti, G. F., Pritcher, M., Joseph, F. M. (2009) Gaze stabilization and gait performance in vestibular dysfunction. Gait & Posture, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 194–198. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.08.002 (In English)
Wiener-Vacher, S. R., Hamilton, D. A., Wiener, S. I. (2013) Vestibular activity and cognitive development in children: Perspectives. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, vol. 7, article 92. DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00092 (In English)
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