Влияние нейротрофического фактора головного мозга (BDNF) на развитие мозга ребенка (обзор зарубежных источников)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-0223-2022-4-1-54-60Ключевые слова:
нейротрофины, BDNF, нейротрофический фактор мозга, нейропластичность, дети, трудности в обученииАннотация
В обзоре приводятся результаты англоязычных исследований роли нейротрофина BDNF в развитии и функционировании мозга. BDNF и его основной рецептор TrkB имеют наиболее распространенную экспрессию в развивающемся и взрослом мозге млекопитающих. Нейротрофины регулируют выживаемость и дифференцировку нейронов. На разных этапах онтогенеза они могут выполнять различные функции. В некоторых случаях они обеспечивают защиту нервных клеток, в других способствуют процессам синаптического прунинга и апоптоза. Более низкие уровни BDNF указывают на нарушение нейропротекторного механизма, в то время как более высокие уровни могут означать наличие проявленной защитной реакции. Получены данные о том, что уровень BDNF в сыворотке крови может быть биомаркером различных заболеваний.
В обзоре обсуждаются гипотезы о возможном использовании оценки уровня BDNF для раннего выявления таких нарушений развития, как расстройства аутистического спектра и синдром дефицита внимания с гиперактивностью, болезнь Альцгеймера. Противоречия в полученных результатах могут объясняться следующими факторами: неоднородностью выборок испытуемых по возрасту, полу, степени клинических проявлений нарушений развития, а также различиями в способах обработки крови.
Также анализируется результаты исследований возможных способов модуляции уровня BDNF в нервной системе с помощью препаратов и физических нагрузок. В ряде статей показано, что определенные длительные и кратковременные физические нагрузки облегчают экспрессию BDNF. Дальнейшее изучение роли этого нейротрофина в возникновении нарушений развития у детей поможет разрабатывать новые диагностические и терапевтические подходы.
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