AI assistant integration practices in school education
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-0223-2025-7-4-244-255Keywords:
artificial intelligence in education, specialized AI assistant, digital assistant for teachers, digital assistant for students, AI literacy, transformation of the teacher’s roleAbstract
This article presents an analytical review exploring the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the Russian school education system, focusing on AI assistant technologies. Drawing on contemporary Russian and international research, regulatory documents, and current educational practices, the study employs thematic analysis to examine the specific features and limitations of the digital transformation of schooling. Particular attention is paid to changes in the teacher’s professional role. Teachers increasingly assume the functions of mentors and facilitators of flexible learning pathways, while routine tasks are automated through AI tools. The study outlines the primary benefits of AI assistants — including personalized learning, support for self-regulation, learning analytics, enhanced student motivation, and improved understanding of the material — while highlighting significant risks: technological dependency, diminished critical thinking, academic integrity concerns, and a lack of AI literacy among teachers and students. Furthermore, the review notes the fragmented and pilot nature of most solutions currently available on the Russian market. The analysis reveals that existing research predominantly focuses on the impact of AI on student learning, whereas issues related to teacher training and the long-term effects of AI assistant deployment remain underexplored. The author concludes that integrating AI assistants requires an anthropocentric and systemic approach. This approach should rely on the teacher’s professional judgment, prioritize AI literacy development, and account for the regulatory, cultural, and linguistic specifics of Russian education, marking a shift from isolated experiments to flexible ‘Teacher + AI’ models. Finally, the article identifies promising directions for future research and practice, including the development of long-term teacher training programs and methodologies that stimulate students’ critical thinking during interactions with AI.
References
ИСТОЧНИКИ
Адаптивное обучение: что это и зачем нужно. (2022) Skillbox. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://skillbox.ru/media/education/adaptivnoe-obuchenie-chto-eto-i-zachem-nuzhno/ (дата обращения 23.11.2025).
В Москве стартовал проект AI-тьюторов для школьных уроков в рамках реформ. (2025) SE-Shop. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://se-shop.ru/v-moskve-startoval-proekt-po-vnedreni/ (дата обращения 24.11.2025).
В Подмосковье более 400 школ подключат к цифровому помощнику преподавателя. (2025) ТАСС. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/24842057 (дата обращения 24.11.2025).
Влияние искусственного интеллекта на образование: аналитический отчет. (2024) [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://files.data-economy.ru/Docs/Vliyanie_ii_na_obrazovanie_.pdf (дата обращения 28.11.2025).
Гайд по промтингу. (2025) Яндекс Образованиe. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://education.yandex.ru/handbook/prompting (дата обращения 29.11.2025).
Диспозиции ИИ и цифровые компетенции школьников обсудили на семинаре МГППУ и ИО НИУ ВШЭ. (2025) Московский государственный психолого-педагогический университет. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://mgppu.ru/news/16822 (дата обращения 26.11.2025).
Комиссаров, А. (2022) ИИ в образовании: направления применения и основные решения. EduTech, № 4 (49), с. 12–20.
Куда и как edtech внедряет ИИ. (2025) ED Tech. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://edtechs.ru/analitika-i-intervyu/kuda-i-kak-edtech-vnedryaet-ii/ (дата обращения 20.11.2025).
ММСО-2024: СберОбразование представило AI-сервис «Ассистент преподавателя». (2024) [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://ed-industry.ru/news/mmso-2024-sberobrazovanie-predstavilo-ai-servis-assistent-prepodavatelya (дата обращения 23.11.2025).
Нейроэксперт от Яндекса: тестируем сервис для работы с файлами и ссылками на базе YandexGPT. (2025) Rozetked. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://rozetked.me/index.php/articles/39656-neyroekspert-ot-yandeksa-testiruem-servis-dlya-raboty-s-faylami-i-ssylkami-na-baze-yandexgpt (дата обращения 24.11.2025).
Платформа для подготовки к ЕГЭ по математике. (2023) Яндекс Образованиe. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://education.yandex.ru/ege/go/math (дата обращения 23.11.2025).
Стартует новый норматив технологической грамотности ТехноГТО «Искусственный интеллект» (2025) НИУ ВШЭ. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.hse.ru/news/edu/1092933128.html (дата обращения 26.11.2025).
Федеральный закон «О проведении эксперимента по установлению специального регулирования в целях создания необходимых условий для разработки и внедрения технологий искусственного интеллекта в субъекте Российской Федерации — городе федерального значения Москве и внесении изменений в статьи 6 и 10 Федерального закона “О персональных данных”» от 24.04.2020 № 123-ФЗ. (2020) [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_351127/ (дата обращения 29.11.2025).
AI in education: A Microsoft special report. (2025) [Online]. Available at: https://cdn-dynmedia-1.microsoft.com/is/content/microsoftcorp/microsoft/bade/documents/products-and-services/en-us/education/2025-Microsoft-AI-in-Education-Report.pdf (accessed 24.11.2025).
IDC’s 2024 AI opportunity study: Education. (2024) [Online]. Available at: https://cdn-dynmedia-1.microsoft.com/is/content/microsoftcorp/microsoft/final/en-us/microsoft-product-and-services/microsoft-education/downloadables/IDC-2024-AI-Opportunity-Study-Education.pdf (accessed 24.11.2025).
Stryker, C., Kavlakoglu, E. (2024) What is artificial intelligence (AI)? IBM. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-intelligence (accessed 23.11.2024).
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
Бороденко, П. П., Щетинина, И. С. (2025) Возможности применения технологий искусственного интеллекта в образовательном процессе. В кн.: Сократовские чтения — 2025. Материалы XXXII международной научно-практической конференции. М.: Изд-во Московского международного университета, с. 6–12.
Власов, Р. А. (2025) Сравнительный анализ российских и зарубежных генеративных нейронных сетей для персонализации обучения на примере обучения английскому языку. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Информатизация образования, т. 22, № 2, с. 233–246. https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8631-2025-22-2-233-246
Глухов, А. П. (2025) Трансформационный потенциал ИИ в образовании: вызовы разработки новых концептуальных моделей педагогического дизайна. Научно-педагогическое обозрение, № 5 (63), с. 87–98. https://doi.org/10.23951/2307-6127-2025-5-87-98
Кузьмин, Н. Н., Глазунова, И. Н., Чистякова, Н. А. (2024) Внедрение искусственного интеллекта в образование: плюсы и минусы. Управление образованием: теория и практика, т. 14, № 3–1, с. 130–138. https://doi.org/10.25726/e3803-5754-4981-p
Сувирова, А. Ю., Ананин, Д. П., Шевелева, Н. Н. (2025) Искусственный интеллект в школьном и вузовском преподавании: российский и зарубежный опыт. Концепт, № 09, с. 318–330. https://doi.org/10.24412/2304-120X-2025-11190
Chatfield, T. (2025) AI and the future of pedagogy. White Paper. London: Sage Publ., 27 p.
Chocarro, R. M., Cortiñas, M., Marcos-Matás, G. (2023) Teachers’ attitudes towards chatbots in education: A technology acceptance model approach considering the effect of social language, bot proactiveness, and users’ characteristics. Educational Studies, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 295–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2020.1850426
Fundi, M., Sanusi, I. T., Oyelere, S. S., Ayere, M. (2024) Advancing AI education: Assessing Kenyan in-service teachers preparedness for integrating artificial intelligence in competence-based curriculum. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, no. 14, article 100412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100412
Glushkova, T., Malinova, A. (2024) Advantages, problems and challenges in the application of AI technologies in school education. In: E-learning & Artificial Intelligence. Katowice; Cieszyn: NOA Publ., pp. 45–56.
Granström, M., Oppi, P. (2025) Assessing teachers’ readiness and perceived usefulness of AI in education: An Estonian perspective. Frontiers in Education, vol. 10, article 1622240. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1622240
Jauhiainen, J. S., Guerra, A. G. (2023) Generative AI and ChatGPT in school children’s education: Evidence from a school lesson. Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 18, article 14025. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151814025
Kardanova, E., Ivanova, A., Tarasova, K. et al. (2024) A novel psychometrics-based approach to developing professional competency benchmark for large language models. arXiv. [Online]. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2411.00045 (accessed 27.11.2025).
Létourneau, A., Deslandes Martineau, M., Charland, P. et al. (2025) A systematic review of AI-driven intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) in K-12 education. npj Science of Learning, no. 10, article 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-025-00320-7
Lindbäck, Y., Valeskog, K., Schröder, K., Sonesson, S. (2025) Structured development of learning and assessment tasks to prevent generative AI misuse and enhance AI literacy in the faculty in physiotherapy education. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, vol. 12, article 23821205251378794. https://doi.org/10.1177/23821205251378794
Maitry, S., Deroy, A. (2024) Generative AI and its impact on personalized intelligent tutoring systems. arXiv. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.10650 (accessed 27.11.2025).
McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., Shannon, C. E. (1955) A proposal for the dartmouth summer research project on Artificial Intelligence. Hanover: Dartmouth College Publ., 13 p.
Robinson, S., Yasar, K., Botelho, B. (2024) What is an AI assistant? TechTarget. [Online]. Available at: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcustomerexperience/definition/virtual-assistant-AI-assistant (accessed 27.11.2025).
Russell, S. J., Norvig, P. (2021) Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Publ., 1115 p.
Sikström, P., Valentini, C., Sivunen, A., Kärkkäinen, T. (2024) Pedagogical agents communicating and scaffolding students’ learning: High school teachers’ and students’ perspectives. Computers & Education, vol. 222, article 105140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105140
Tan, X., Cheng, G. K. S., Ling, M. H. (2025) Artificial intelligence in teaching and teacher professional development: A systematic review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, vol. 8, article 100355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100355
Touretzky, D., Gardner-McCune, C., Martin, F., Seehorn, D. (2019) Envisioning AI for K-12: What should every child know about AI?. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 9795–9799. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019795
Wang, L., Ma, C., Feng, X. et al. (2024) A survey on large language model based autonomous agents. Frontiers of Computer Science, vol. 18, no. 6, article 186345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-024-40231-1
SOURCES
Adaptivnoe obuchenie: chto eto i zachem nuzhno [Adaptive learning: what it is and why it is needed]. (2022) Skillbox. [Online]. Available at: https://skillbox.ru/media/education/adaptivnoe-obuchenie-chto-eto-i-zachem-nuzhno/ (accessed 23.11.2025). (In Russian)
AI in education: A Microsoft Special Report. (2025) [Online]. Available at: https://cdn-dynmedia-1.microsoft.com/is/content/microsoftcorp/microsoft/bade/documents/products-and-services/en-us/education/2025-Microsoft-AI-in-Education-Report.pdf (accessed 24.11.2025). (In English)
Dispozitsii II i tsifrovye kompetentsii shkol’nikov obsudili na seminare MGPPU i IO NIU VShE [AI dispositions and students’ digital competencies discussed at MGPPU — HSE seminar]. (2025) Moscow State University of Psychology & Education. [Online]. Available at: https://mgppu.ru/news/16822 (accessed 26.11.2025). (In Russian)
Federal’nyj zakon “O provedenii eksperimenta po ustanovleniyu spetsial’nogo regulirovaniya v tselyakh sozdaniya neobkhodimykh uslovij dlya razrabotki i vnedreniya tekhnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta v sub’ekte Rossijskoj Federatsii — gorode federal’nogo znacheniya Moskve i vnesenii izmenenij v stat’i 6 i 10 Federal’nogo zakona ‘O personal’nykh dannykh’ ” ot 24.04.2020 No. 123-FZ [Federal Law “On conducting an experiment to establish special regulation in order to create the necessary conditions for the development and implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation — the city of federal significance Moscow and amendments to Articles 6 and 10 of the Federal Law ‘On Personal Data’ ” No. 123-FZ, April 24, 2020]. [Online]. Available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_351127/ (accessed 29.11.2025). (In Russian)
Gajd po promtingu [Prompting Guide]. (2025) Yandex Education. [Online]. Available at: https://education.yandex.ru/handbook/prompting (accessed 29.11.2025). (In Russian)
IDC’s 2024 AI opportunity study: Education. (2024) [Online]. Available at: https://cdn-dynmedia-1.microsoft.com/is/content/microsoftcorp/microsoft/final/en-us/microsoft-product-and-services/microsoft-education/downloadables/IDC-2024-AI-Opportunity-Study-Education.pdf (accessed 24.11.2025). (In English)
Komissarov, A. (2022) II v obrazovanii: napravleniya primeneniya i osnovnye resheniya [AI in education: Application directions and main solutions]. EduTech, no. 4 (49), pp. 12–20. (In Russian)
Kuda i kak edtech vnedryaet II [Where and how EdTech is implementing AI]. (2025) ED Tech. [Online]. Available at: https://edtechs.ru/analitika-i-intervyu/kuda-i-kak-edtech-vnedryaet-ii/ (accessed 20.11.2025). (In Russian)
MMSO-2024: SberObrazovanie predstavilo AI-servis “Assistent prepodavatelya”. [MMCO-2024: SberEducation presented the AI service “Teacher Assistant”]. (2024) [Online]. Available at: https://ed-industry.ru/news/mmso-2024-sberobrazovanie-predstavilo-ai-servis-assistent-prepodavatelya (accessed 23.11.2025). (In Russian)
Nejroekspert ot Yandeksa: testiruem servis dlya raboty s fajlami i ssylkami na baze YandexGPT [Yandex NeuroExpert: Testing the service for working with files and links based on YandexGPT]. (2025) Rozetked. [Online]. Available at: https://rozetked.me/index.php/articles/39656-neyroekspert-ot-yandeksa-testiruem-servis-dlya-raboty-s-faylami-i-ssylkami-na-baze-yandexgpt (accessed 24.11.2025). (In Russian)
Platforma dlya podgotovki k EGE po matematike [Platform for preparation for the Unified State Exam (EGE) in mathematics]. (2023) Yandex Education. [Online]. Available at: https://education.yandex.ru/ege/go/math (accessed 23.11.2025). (In Russian)
Startuet novyj normativ tekhnologicheskoj gramotnosti TekhnoGTO “Iskusstvennyj intellect” [A new TechnoGTO technological literacy standard “Artificial Intelligence” is being launched]. (2025) HSE University. [Online]. Available at: https://www.hse.ru/news/edu/1092933128.html (accessed 26.11.2025). (In Russian)
Stryker, C., Kavlakoglu, E. (2024) What is artificial intelligence (AI)? IBM. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/artificial-intelligence (accessed 23.11.2024). (In English)
V Moskve zapushchen proekt AI-t’yutorov dlya shkol’nykh urokov v ramkakh reform [Project of AI tutors launched in Moscow as part of reforms]. (2025) SE-Shop. [Online]. Available at: https://se-shop.ru/v-moskve-startoval-proekt-po-vnedreni/ (accessed 24.11.2025). (In Russian)
V Podmoskov’e bolee 400 shkol podklyuchat k tsifrovomu pomoshchniku prepodavatelya [More than 400 schools in the Moscow region to be connected to a digital teaching assistant]. (2025) TASS. [Online]. Available at: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/24842057 (accessed 24.11.2025). (In Russian)
Vliyanie iskusstvennogo intellekta na obrazovanie: analiticheskij otchet [The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on education: Analytical report]. (2024) [Online]. Available at: https://fgosvo.ru/uploadfiles/method/Report_II_education_2024.pdf (accessed 28.11.2025). (In Russian)
REFERENCES
Borodenko, P. P., Shchetinina, I. S. (2025) Vozmozhnosti primeneniya tekhnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta v obrazovatel’nom protsesse [Possibilities of applying artificial intelligence technologies in the educational process]. In: Sokratovskie chteniya — 2025. Materialy XXXII mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferentsii [Socratic Readings — 2025. Proceedings of the XXXII international scientific and practical conference]. Moscow: Moscow International University Publ., pp. 6–12. (In Russian)
Chatfield, T. (2025) AI and the future of pedagogy. White Paper. London: Sage Publ, 27 p. (In English)
Chocarro, R. M., Cortiñas, M., Marcos-Matás, G. (2023) Teachers’ attitudes towards chatbots in education: A technology acceptance model approach considering the effect of social language, bot proactiveness, and users’ characteristics. Educational Studies, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 295–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2020.1850426 (In English)
Fundi, M., Sanusi, I. T., Oyelere, S. S., Ayere, M. (2024) Advancing AI education: Assessing Kenyan in-service teachers preparedness for integrating artificial intelligence in competence-based curriculum. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, no. 14, article 100412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100412 (In English)
Glukhov, A. P. (2025) Transformatsionnyj potentsial II v obrazovanii: vyzovy razrabotki novykh kontseptual’nykh modelej pedagogicheskogo dizajna [Transformational potential of AI in education: Challenges in developing new conceptual models of pedagogical design]. Nauchno-pedagogicheskoe obozrenie — Pedagogical Review, no. 5 (63), pp. 87–98. https://doi.org/10.23951/2307-6127-2025-5-87-98 (In Russian)
Glushkova, T., Malinova, A. (2024) Advantages, problems and challenges in the application of AI technologies in school education. In: E-learning & Artificial Intelligence. Katowice; Cieszyn: NOA Publ., pp. 45–56. (In English)
Granström, M., Oppi, P. (2025) Assessing teachers’ readiness and perceived usefulness of AI in education: An Estonian perspective. Frontiers in Education, vol. 10, article 1622240. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1622240 (In English)
Jauhiainen, J. S., Guerra, A. G. (2023) Generative AI and ChatGPT in school children’s education: Evidence from a school lesson. Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 18, article 14025. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151814025 (In English)
Kardanova, E., Ivanova, A., Tarasova, K. et al. (2024) A Novel Psychometrics-Based Approach to Developing Professional Competency Benchmark for Large Language Models. arXiv. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.00045 (accessed 27.11.2025). (In English)
Kuz’min, N. N., Glazunova, I. N., Chistyakova, N. A. (2024) Vnedrenie iskusstvennogo intellekta v obrazovanie: plyusy i minusy [Introduction of artificial intelligence into education: Pros and cons]. Upravlenie obrazovaniem: teoriya i praktika — Education Management Review, vol. 14, no. 3–1, pp. 130–138. https://doi.org/10.25726/e3803-5754-4981-p (In Russian)
Létourneau, A., Deslandes Martineau, M., Charland, P. et al. (2025) A systematic review of AI-driven intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) in K-12 education. npj Science of Learning, no. 10, article 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-025-00320-7 (In English)
Lindbäck, Y., Valeskog, K., Schröder, K., Sonesson, S. (2025) Structured development of learning and assessment tasks to prevent generative AI misuse and enhance AI literacy in the faculty in physiotherapy education. Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, vol. 12, article 23821205251378794. https://doi.org/10.1177/23821205251378794 (In English)
Maitry, S., Deroy, A. (2024) Generative AI and its impact on personalized intelligent tutoring systems. arXiv. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.10650 (accessed 27.11.2025). (In English)
McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., Shannon, C. E. (1955) A proposal for the dartmouth summer research project on Artificial Intelligence. Hanover: Dartmouth College Publ., 13 p. (In English)
Robinson, S., Yasar, K., Botelho, B. (2024) What is an AI assistant? TechTarget. [Online]. Available at: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcustomerexperience/definition/virtual-assistant-AI-assistant (accessed 27.11.2025). (In English)
Russell, S. J., Norvig, P. (2021) Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Publ., 1115 p. (In English)
Sikström, P., Valentini, C., Sivunen, A., Kärkkäinen, T. (2024) Pedagogical agents communicating and scaffolding students’ learning: High school teachers’ and students’ perspectives. Computers & Education, vol. 222, article 105140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105140 (In English)
Suvirova, A. Yu., Ananin, D. P., Sheveleva, N. N. (2025) Iskusstvennyj intellekt v shkol’nom i vuzovskom prepodavanii: rossijskij i zarubezhnyj opyt [Al in school and university teaching: Russian and foreign practices]. Koncept, no. 9, pp. 318–330. https://doi.org/10.24412/2304-120X-2025-11190 (In Russian)
Tan, X., Cheng, G. K. S., Ling, M. H. (2025) Artificial intelligence in teaching and teacher professional development: A systematic review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, vol. 8, article 100355. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666920X24001589 (In English)
Touretzky, D., Gardner-McCune, C., Martin, F., Seehorn, D. (2025) Envisioning AI for K-12: What should every child know about AI? Proceedings of the Thirty-Third AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 9795–9799. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33019795 (In English)
Vlasov, R. A. (2025) Sravnitel’nyj analiz rossijskikh i zarubezhnykh generativnykh nejronnykh setej dlya personalizatsii obucheniya na primere obucheniya anglijskomu yazyku [Comparative analysis of Russian and foreign generative neural networks for personalized learning using English language teaching as an example]. Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Informatizatsiya obrazovaniya — RUDN Journal of Informatization in Education, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 233–246. https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-8631-2025-22-2-233-246 (In Russian)
Wang, L., Ma, C., Feng, X. et al. (2024) A survey on large language model based autonomous agents. Frontiers of Computer Science, vol. 18, no. 6, article 186345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11704-024-40231-1 (In English)
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Margarita R. Khusnutdinova
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The work is provided under the terms of the Public Offer and of Creative Commons public license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
This license permits an unlimited number of users to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, including commercial use.
This license retains copyright for the authors but allows others to freely distribute, use, and adapt the work, on the mandatory condition that appropriate credit is given. Users must provide a correct link to the original publication in our journal, cite the authors' names, and indicate if any changes were made.
Copyright remains with the authors. The CC BY 4.0 license does not transfer rights to third parties but rather grants users prior permission for use, provided the attribution condition is met. Any use of the work will be governed by the terms of this license.
