Reaction time and cognition
Foreign literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-0223-2023-5-1-58-63Keywords:
executive functions, children, academic performance, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, reaction time, visual-motor reactions, auditory-motor reactionsAbstract
The article is a review of English-language studies of the effectiveness of tests evaluating the time of motor reaction to visual and auditory stimuli. It is shown that reaction time (RT) is an indicator of the speed and effectiveness of cognitive processes. Sensorimotor tests are used in sports, professional selection, assessment of mobility of elderly people, as well as to predict success in learning. Sensorimotor tests are now widely used to assess executive function in children and adults. The results of tests using the stop-go paradigm make it possible to evaluate inhibitory control and contribute to a better understanding of how flexibly a person is able to control his behavior. The possibility of comparing data obtained under different conditions is discussed: using analog equipment and online software solutions. It is shown that the data obtained online is more reliable than previously thought. The neuroanatomical basis of the interindividual difference in reaction time remains insufficiently studied. The relationship between the interindividual differences of RT and the selective microstructural properties of white matter is shown. Further research will clarify the neuroanatomic and functional basis of differences in the performance of sensorimotor tests. New technologies and online services will make the assessment of executive functions available to more children and adults. This is especially relevant for developing countries, where the services of psychologists are not available to many people. The results of sensorimotor tests are important for the development of trainings that improve cognitive functions and for evaluating the effectiveness of such trainings.
References
Anwyl-Irvine, A. L., Massonnié, J., Flitton, A. et al. (2020) Gorilla in our midst: An online behavioral experiment builder. Behavior Research Methods, vol. 52, pp. 388–407. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01237-x (In English)
Badau, D., Baydil, B., Badau, A. (2018) Differences among three measures of reaction time based on hand laterality in individual sports. Sports, vol. 6, no. 2, article 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6020045 (In English)
Barnhoorn, J. S., Haasnoot, E., Bocanegra, B. R., van Steenbergen, H. (2015) QRTEngine: An easy solution for running online reaction time experiments using Qualtrics. Behavior Research Methods, vol. 47, pp. 918–929. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0530-7 (In English)
Cai, Y., Hausdorff, J. M., Bean, J. F. et al. (2021) Participation in cognitive activities is associated with foot reaction time and gait speed in older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 3191–3198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01583-3 (In English)
Camerota, M., Willoughby, M. T., Magnus, B. E., Blair, C. B. (2020) Leveraging item accuracy and reaction time to improve measurement of child executive function ability. Psychological Assessment, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 1118–1132. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000953 (In English)
De Leeuw, J. R., Motz, B. A. (2016) Psychophysics in a Web browser? Comparing response times collected with JavaScript and Psychophysics Toolbox in a visual search task. Behavior Research Methods, vol. 48. [Online]. URL: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0567-2 (accessed 11.02.2023). (In English)
Deng, C., Cao, S., Wu, C., Lyu, N. (2019) Predicting drivers’ direction sign reading reaction time using an integrated cognitive architecture. IET Intelligent Transport Systems, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 622–627. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2018.5160 (In English)
Dumont, É., Castellanos-Ryan, N., Parent, S. et al. (2022) Transactional longitudinal relations between accuracy and reaction time on a measure of cognitive flexibility at 5, 6, and 7 years of age. Developmental Science, vol. 25, no. 5, article e13254. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13254 (In English)
Epstein, J. N., Karalunas, S. L., Tamm, L. et al. (2022) Examining reaction time variability on the stop-signal task in the ABCD study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617722000431 (accessed 11.02.2023). (In English)
Hilbig, B. E. (2016) Reaction time effects in lab-versus Web-based research: Experimental evidence. Behavior Research Methods, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 1718–1724. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0678-9 (In English)
Holden, J., Francisco, E., Lensch, R. et al. (2019) Accuracy of different modalities of reaction time testing: Implications for online cognitive assessment tools. bioRxiv. [Online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1101/726364 (accessed 11.02.2023). (In English)
Horinouchi, T., Watanabe, T., Matsumoto, T. et al. (2022) The effect of prior knowledge of color on reaction time depends on visual modality. Heliyon, vol. 8, no. 5, article e09469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09469 (In English)
Janicijevic, D., Garcia-Ramos, A. (2022) Feasibility of volitional reaction time tests in athletes: A systematic review. Motor Control, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 291–314. https://doi.org/10.1123/mc.2021-0139 (In English)
Karahan, E., Costigan, A. G., Graham, K. S. et al. (2019) Cognitive and white-matter compartment models reveal selective relations between corticospinal tract microstructure and simple reaction time. The Journal of neuroscience, vol. 39, no. 30, pp. 5910–5921. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2954-18.2019 (In English)
Lee, J. H., Lee, T. L., Kang, N. (2021) Transcranial direct current stimulation decreased cognition-related reaction time in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, vol. 70, article 101377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2021.101377 (In English)
Milic, M., Nedeljkovic, A., Cuk, I. et al. (2019). Comparison of reaction time between beginners and experienced fencers during quasi-realistic fencing situations. European Journal of Sport Science, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 896–905. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1671498 (In English)
O’Hagan, A. D., Behan, S., Peers, C. et al. (2022) Do our movement skills impact our cognitive skills? Exploring the relationship between cognitive function and fundamental movement skills in primary school children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 871–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2022.08.001 (In English)
Peirce, J., Gray, J. R., Simpson, S. et al. (2019) PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior Research Methods, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 195–203. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-01193-y (In English)
Rahman, H., Islam, M. S. (2021) Investigation of audio-visual simple reaction time of university athletes and non-athletes. Journal of Advances in Sports and Physical Education, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 24–29. http://doi.org/10.36348/jaspe.2021.v04i03.002 (In English)
Reid, B., Schreiber, K., Shawhan, J. et al. (2020) Reaction time assessment for coaching defensive players in NCAA division 1 American football: A comprehensive literature review. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 77, article 102942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2020.102942 (In English)
Reigal, R. E., Barrero, S., Martín, I. et al. (2019) Relationships between reaction time, selective attention, physical activity, and physical fitness in children. Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 10, article 2278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02278 (In English)
Samad, A. G. A., Azizan, M. A., Khairuddin, H., Johari, M. K. (2022) Significance of aircraft maintenance personnel’s reaction time during physical workload and mental workload. In: Human-centered technology for a better tomorrow. Lecture notes in mechanical engineering. Singapore: Springer Publ., pp. 637–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4115-2_52 (In English)
Scharfen, H.-E., Lehmann, T., Büchel, D., Baumeister, J. (2022) Cortical responses to sport-specific stimuli in a standing stop signal task. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, vol. 63, article 102250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102250 (In English)
Stoet, G. (2010) PsyToolkit: A software package for programming psychological experiments using Linux. Behavior Research Methods, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 1096–1104. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.4.1096 (In English)
Trecroci, A., Duca, M., Cavaggioni, L. et al. (2021) Relationship between cognitive functions and sport-specific physical performance in youth volleyball players. Brain Sciences, vol. 11, no. 2, article 227. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020227 (In English)
Willoughby, M., Hong, Y., Hudson, K., Wylie, A. (2020) Between- and within-person contributions of simple reaction time to executive function skills in early childhood. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, vol. 192, article 104779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104779 (In English)
Willoughby, M. T., Piper, B., Kwayumba, D., McCune, M. (2019) Measuring executive function skills in young children in Kenya. Child Neuropsychology, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 425–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2018.1486395 (In English)
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Victoria L. Efimova, Oleg A. Druzhinin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The work is provided under the terms of the Public Offer and of Creative Commons public license Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). This license allows an unlimited number of persons to reproduce and share the Licensed Material in all media and formats. Any use of the Licensed Material shall contain an identification of its Creator(s) and must be for non-commercial purposes only.
